•factors affecting the location of industrial zones
•physical factors
•site
•large factories need flat land to build easily
•land should be cheap, and they may expand
•unattractive so need to located away from higher class residential districts
•raw materials
•close to export areas
•closer to raw material sites to reduce transport costs
•energy
•widely available but some industries may need cheaper alternatives
•may use volcanic areas for cheaper power supplies
•sites near coal mines and rivers used to be favoured
•natural route ways
•ports are favoured because materials can be imported and products exported easier and cheaper
•major roads and railways often follow natural routes of valleys
•easier to build connections on natural routes
•water supply
•certain chemical production needs more than a normal main supply
•may locate near rivers or boreholes
•climate
•some e.g aerospace benefit from sunny climates
•may allow lower heating bills for industries and a better quality of life
•human factors
•capital
•business, banks and governments are more likely to invest in some areas than others
•government influence
•can affect sites by providing incentives or deny them planning permission
•will move to avoid high taxation or may offer incentives
•markets
•the location and size of markets is a major influence for some industries
•transport and communications
•transport costs are more expensive for bulky items
•access to airports, ports, motorways may be crucial for some industries
•labour
•quality and cost of labour are most important instead of quantity
•the reputation and turnover is also important
•those need high intensive will locate near poorer areas whilst high IT workers will be in better areas
•quality of life
•highly skilled personnel who have a choice of where they work will favour areas where quality of life is higher
•may desire areas with more leisure activities
•the combined influence on the location
•most companies look to a location in order to expand for profits, allowing them to expand
•the combined influence on the scale of production
•the amount of a product a company plans to introduce affects its location
•it needs to ensure that a physical large enough space is available and can recruit enough
•the combined influence on the methods of organisation
•they can follow traditional or highly innovative ways, with location factors affecting decisions
•advanced tend to be capital intensive whilst traditional tend to be labour intensive
•the combined influence on the range of products manufactured
•many large companies produce a range of products
•some locations are better than others because of the cost factors involved
•locational influences of industrial zones
•industrial agglomeration
•may take place to reduce costs through economies of scale, allowing others to feed of the success
•industrial estates
•they are office parks and are located close to transport links as they are found on the urban-rural fringe
•they concentrate dedicated infrastructure in a small area to cut costs
•attract new business by providing an integrated infrastructure in one place
•they separate industry from residential areas to try to reduce environmental and social impacts (quality of community and use of land) and unemployment
•estates may also allow them to apply for grants and loans under regional
economic development policies to assist poorer areas
•science parks
•they are centres where many high-tech companies are found together
•they are close to universities for specialist skills
•large amounts of capital is needed to fund long payback time loans
•good global communications to communicate internationally
•low density and tree-lined to attract people and look pleasing
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