case study: a rapidly growing urban area in a developing country and migration to it

•case study: Mumbai 

•push factors to Mumbai

          •lack of rural jobs

          •poor infrastructure 

          •mechanisation of farming

          •bad services

          •no education 

•pull factors to Mumbai

          •jobs in ports, engineering and oil mills, earning more money for higher quality of life

          •recycling industry, textiles and ports are available 

          •electricity provision, and better overall infrastructure 

          •education means high qualifications for future jobs 

          •better access to services

          •remittence 

          •hope 

•a typical male migrant to Mumbai is male, a rural background, from the north, 20, married but young and is seeking employment 

•there has been a rapid population growth of around 20 per 1000 a year

•a shanty area near Mumbai: Dharvi

          •close to the Mithi river with a railway running through the middle

          •about 1,000,000 a people in a square mile 

•positive aspects: •community access

                             •low crime rate

•negative aspects: •high disease - 4000 cases of typhoid and cholera daily

                              •overcrowding - 21 per house

                              •poor sewage with poor sanitation and dead rats 

                              •poor water access - walking 2 hours a day 

                              •250 to a toilet 

•earning a living in Dharvi

          •they work in the informal sector, earning $2 a day, paying no taxes

          •a leather worker earns the most - £40 pcm

•there is employment but there is disease and no healthcare provision 

•causes of water pollution in Mumbai: •untreated industrial waste 

                                                              •800 million litres of untreated waste 

                                                              •domestic waste

                                                              •toxic waste

                                                              •airports dump untreated oil - expensive to clean

                                                              •very polluted and the flooding spreads the water pollution

•management of water pollution: •dredging of Mithi river to limit flooding

                                                     •public toilet provision or sanitation

                                                     •government legislation on industry 

                                                     •education about the damaging hazards 

•causes of air pollution in Mumbai: •burning of fossil fuels 

                                                        •energy production 

                                                        •free burning in public

                                                        •many cars everywhere - lack of clean areas

                                                        •people can suffer from bronchitis 

•management of air pollution: •new transportation services e.g metro

                                                •banning diesel as a fuel 

                                                •main roads are upgrading 

                                                •58,000 taxis using natural gas

                                                •55 flyers  

•causes of noise pollution in Mumbai: •cars and traffic

                                                            •aircraft 

                                                            •construction 

                                                            •people

•management of noise pollution in Mumbai: •traffic flow (see air management)

                                                                      •monorail between Juab Circle and Chembar 

•causes of visual pollution in Mumbai: •smog

                                                             •litter

                                                             •graffiti

                                                             •light pollution 

                                                             •Dharvi squatter settlement 

•management of visual pollution in Mumbai: •Vision Mumbai

                                                                       •waste collection 

                                                                       •recycling 

•Vision Mumbai improves the squatter settlement issue in Mumbai 

          •knocks down the slums 

          •wants to build high-rises to support high population density 

          •redeveloping the land to provide good quality affordable homes 

          •improving sanitation and creating a clearer areas

          

•SPARC is an NGO charity

          •self-help scheme helps people two build extra floors onto their houses, easing overcrowding 

          •builds toilets to improve sanitation and communal areas for a better feel 

          •provides building materials allowing people to self-improve their homes  

                    •these materials may include bricks and sand as well as workshops to help those starting their own businesses

describe the impacts of urban growth on both rural and urban areas, along with possible solutions to reduce the negative impacts

•impacts of urbanisation on rural areas (and people)

          •remittence from moved workers

          •reduces environmental pressure 

          •less unemployment in the town centre

          

          •elderly isolation 

          •less young male workers in the for labour

          •unbalanced population of women and elderly vs. working male

          •declining shops and services not meeting the threshold 

•impacts of urbanisation on urban areas (and people)

          •there aren't enough jobs in urban areas, especially for migrants

          •many may move from rural poverty to urban poverty, with quick spreads of disease 

          •many work in the informal sector since they are unskilled

          •overcrowding means pressure on infrastructure and services in urban areas

          •a desire for housing means a rise in prices, placing more people below the poverty line 

          •provides cheap labour for jobs in industry 

          •it concentrates the population geographically making it easier to provide people with basic services 

          •industrial growth provides employment 

          •new businesses and enterprises creates more employment, benefiting the local economy

          •increase in crime rate due to higher pollution density and less control  

          

         

         

•impacts of urbanisation on the environment 

          •very poor air quality due to traffic congestion, which produces smog etc.

          •it has poor water quality - raw sewage flows into the sea 

          •those in poverty may cause visual and noise pollution 

•solutions to urbanisation on the environment 

          •providing more frequent and cheaper public transport to ease congestion

          •park and ride schemes, forcing people to travel by other transport or by foot

          •congestion charging so that people are charged extra

          •providing discounted travel tickets, allowing cheaper overall public transportation 

          •increase parking charges / fines to deter offenders 

          

•the characteristics of squatter settlements 

          •disease: •there is no effective sewage system and the dirt between open tracks serve as open sewers

                          •waste is dumped outside, attracting flies and rats that carry diseases

                          •communal taps are shared by lots of families, so cholera is common 

          •poor building construction: •squatter settlements are unplanned are illegal 

                                                       •the homes are not watertight, warm or hygienic and are made of basic materials 

                                                       •a fire can move quickly through the slums 

                                                       •they are under constant threat of being bulldozed 

          •crime and anti-social behaviour: •domestic stress levels are high given the high population densities so family arguments are common

                                                               •many abandoned children join street gangs

                                                                

          •lack of government services: •city authorities do not recognise illegal settlements 

                                                          •they do not provide rubbish collection, police fire and health service or formal schools 

                                                          •there is extreme poverty and high unemployment

identify and suggest reasons for rapid urban growth

•causes for urbanisation 

          •social factors: •better service provision 

                                  •family

                                  •lower crime

                                  •better healthcare - more doctors, technology, drugs and facilities 

                                  •more entertainment opportunities 

                                  •political security and social security 

                                  •an ageing population means more jobs

                                  •better infrastructure with more schools means a better quality of life

          •economic factors: •wealthier government / council means better infrastructure update 

                                        •more informal work 

                                        •higher wages

                                        •an ageing population means more jobs 

          •physical factors: •more suitable climate

                                      •more cleaner space

                                      •land may be more fertile and flatter

                                      •reduced chance of natural disasters e.g drought famine and hurricanes

                                      •infrastructure may be of higher quality, making a better quality of life