describe and explain the process of globalisation, and consider its impacts

•globalisation: the increasing interdependence and interconnectedness of the world 

•causes of globalisation / the role of technology / influences on the globalisation of economy  

          •lower wages

                    •rise in NICs mean that there are cheaper alternatives 

           

          •free trade

                    •trade barriers have fallen internationally in order to improve economies, leading to increase in trade internationally 

                    •capitalism is now unchallenged as the primary way for economic development 

          •improvements in transport

                    •improvements in aircraft and shipping has allowed people and goods to move cheaply and quickly 

          •improvements in communication devices

                    •the internet and phone has allowed to keep close watch of other areas of a company in a factory it owns elsewhere in the world

          •growth of global media

                    •western culture has diffused to other areas, fuelling international interest to emulate

                    •brands have an international influence 

          •international migration 

                    •this has allowed mass population movements to wealthier areas

•the role of TNCs in globalisation 

          •they are firms that owns or controls productive operations in more than one country 

          •their use of searching for cheaper labour has led to the development of other countries, investing offices and factories there

          •they use the profit for product innovation to dominate the market

          •the spread of global consumerism culture has been important to the success of TNCs due to their marketing strategies 

•impacts of MNCs nationally

          •positives

                    •brings work to the country and uses local labour

                    •local workforce receives a guaranteed income

                    •improves levels of education and technical skills to locals, especially if a range of TNCs locate there

                    •brings welcome investment and foreign currency to the country through taxation of the TNC

                    •companies provide machinery and modern technology

                    •improvements to infrastructure and services

                    •increase GNP leader to increased demand for consumer goods and industrial growth

          •negatives

                    •very few skilled locals employed as managerial roles are ex-pats 

                    •most profits go back overseas and so isn't being invested in the local area, widening the gap 

                    •decisions are made outside of the country and can pull out of the host at any time, creating massive job loss

                    •local labour force is poorly paid

                    •minerals are usually exported rather than manufactured

                    •big plans can increase national debt as they are important to a country’s economy, thus influencing decisions on policies, development and investment

                    •insufficient attention is paid to health and safety within a local area, and the protection of the environment isn't a priority  

•impacts of globalisation internationally

          •changing the world’s economic order

          •the development of a hierarchy of global cities

          •increasing the uniformity of landscapes

          •environmental degradation 

          •cultural diffusion 

          •international migration 

•impacts of globalisation nationally 

          •loss of authority to regional and international organisations 

          •increase in cultural diversity 

          •incoming and outgoing international migrants

          •TNCs employing increasing share of the workforce

          •TNCs avoiding to pay tax 

•impacts of globalisation locally

          •small businesses closing 

          •multi-national communities 

          •families spread across the world

          •greater variety of international cuisine 

          •development of ethnic villages in urban areas