explain what can be done to reduce the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes

•the management of volcanoes and earthquakes 

          

•the management of volcanoes:

          •prediction

                    •temperature of the ground; tremors; earthquakes = magma rising through the Earth

                    •increase in gas emissions from the magma rising

                    •swelling of slopes (using monitors) = magma being generated 

                    •hazard maps for probability of locations from natural terrain and previous eruptions

          •preparation

                    •evacuation plan using a hazard plan zone

                    •emergency service preparation means better organisation and orderly conduct 

                    •strong building design to try and prevent collapsing and general shelter

                    •mudflow barriers means that lava and mudflow can be diverted 

                    •lava can be sprayed with water to solidify it and stop it flowing 

          •post-disaster recovery 

                    •proactive: •much more fluency during an event

                                      •creates jobs for planning

                                      •may save a lot more lives

                                      •better safe than sorry 

                   

                    •reactive: •expensive to be proactive

                                    •reactive is more tailored than proactive 

                                    •proactive affects daily life

                                   

•the management of earthquakes:

          •prediction

                    •sensitive instruments to measure Earth movements (strain-metres) 

                    •number of recent earthquakes can be plotted for prediction 

                    •foreshocks occur before the full earthquake

          •preparation

                    •earthquake proof buildings

                              •sheer core: reinforced concrete is used to strengthen the core

                              •sheer wall: reinforced concrete walls provide strength and resist

                              •base isolators: alternating steel and rubber absorbs shockwaves, dampening movement 

                              •bolt your house to it’s concrete foundation to prevent it slipping

                              •use metal connectors to strengthen joints in the base

                              •secure brick chimneys with light, metal brackets

                    •education

                              •government and media can provide guides to safety and measures to take

                              •practice earthquake drills e.g Japan 

          •post-disaster recovery

                    •emergency services 

                              •emergency services must be prepared carefully, including supplies

                              •good communication with earthquake monitors to alert residents

                              •needs to be efficient in evacuating people

                    •rebuilding of infrastructure 

                              •good transportation routes speed up recovery

                              •strong communication for efficiency 

                              •population workforce needs to assist to rebuild and knowledge of the earthquake is key for tailoring