describe and give reasons for the characteristics of, and changes in, land use in urban areas

•the CBD: •government buildings 

                 •high order retail 

                 •offices and major HQ

                 •theatres, hotels and restaurants

                 •old, historic buildings

                 •multi-storey buildings

                 •public transport services

                 •few residents during the night-time in the CBD 

                 •zoning of different functions in different parts of the CBD for comparison shopping or business contacts

                 •vertical zoning of retail on the lower floors and offices on the upper floors

                 •high numbers of pedestrians in pedestrian areas

•reasons for the development of the CBD

          •the CBD was the original growth of the settlement 

          •roads converged at the CBD, making it the most accessible area, making it very desirable for retailing 

          •land prices became high, eliminating certain services, leading to taller buildings for area 

          

•high density housing: •plenty of housing

                                    •high density areas / terraced housing 

                                    •many apartment buildings

                                    •housing is close together / tall skyscrapers

                                    •close to the city centre / may have CBD features 

                                    •usually in the older parts of town in poorer MEDC areas 

•reasons for the land use of high density housing

          •closer to the CBD means less reliant on transportation links

          •investors will look into this area for a high potential profit

          •high density areas new very desirable ad so many would be residents

          

•low density housing: •detached / semi-detached housing more modern than the CBD

                                   •agricultural space with open areas

                                   •fewer transportation links with long, single roads

                                   •very few services around 

•reasons for land use of low density housing 

          •plenty of space for agriculture and animal stock expansion

          •if there are valuable metals and minerals in the earth, the government may specify this area for fracking

          •if this type of land is sparse, the government may wish to put this in a natural reserve 

•old industrial areas: •manufacturing 

                                 •factories

                                 •steel, textiles and traditional

                                 •near peasant housing

•reasons for old industrial areas

          •near rivers and railways for transportation 

•new industrial areas: •business shops

                                   •steel, woods, shops, cement factories

                                   •offices 

                                   •warehouses 

•reasons for new industrial areas

          •closer to road links so that customers can access 

          •space for them to build and parking rooms with cheaper land 

•rural-urban fringe: •agricultural land meeting popular land-use areas

                               •some areas may have a green belt 

                               •science parks, business parks, new road developments, hotels, conference centres, landfill sites, sports areas and stadiums 

•reasons for the rural-urban fringe changes

          •recreational and farming

          •out of town shopping

          •use of offices, business parks and industrial estates and farmers 

          •have car parking spaces for shopping facilities 

          •counter-urbanisation 

          •gardens for homes and nature reserves 

          •no air pollution

          •good transport links with airports and park and ride services 

          •modern design with a low cost to build 

•the urban structure in MEDC’s

          •in urban areas, the cost of land is different (higher / too high in the CBD)

          •certain land uses do not mix - high quality housing next to industry 

          •particular land-uses may continue to establish that way 

•Burgess Concentric Ring Model

          •the CBD is the growth point with an intersection of major roads

          •there is greatest accessibility of transport and the highest land values

          

          •new immigrants move to inner-city areas with cheap housing close to employment

        

          •housing quality and social class change with increasing distance from the city-centre

          •increasing affluence and developing transport allow people to live further away 

          

          •as the city grows, all circles push outwards with gaps called the transition zone - the change of residential to commercial 

•Hoyt’s Sector Model

          •based on transport routes and the repel of certain land use types

          •industry develops along major roads and rivers

          •heavy manufacturing industry and high class areas are never next to each other

          •other areas are similar to the Burgess Model 

•the urban structure in LEDC’s

          •the MEDC models do not apply in LEDC’s as the high-class residential areas are close to

           the centre whilst the low-class areas are nearby 

          •the CBD is based on markets and commercial areas has a sector of shops and offices leading from a major transport route, with high-class on either side 

          •housing gets worse as you move out with squatter settlements - manufacturing tends to be scattered although there may be industrial sectors along transport routes

•changes in urban land use

          •decentralisation of industry and commercial business

                    •factories and houses were built next to each other during the Industrial Revolution

                    •redevelopment has taken place to replace low-quality housing and remove industry

          •redevelopment of brownfield sites

                    •they have been replaced by inner ring roads, retail parks and recreational facilities

                    

          •decentralisation of people, services and employment

                    •this dispersal is encouraged by transport improvements

                    •this can lead to an outward spread of the urban area - suburbanisation 

          •renewal of buildings

                    •many old factories and warehouses have been brought up to date, regenerating old buildings

          •urban sprawl spreading outwards

                    •the spread of the CBD means changes in the surrounding rural areas - greenfield sites may become developed 

          

•causes of urban sprawl / rapid urban growth

          •mainly caused due to suburbanisation and the decentralisation of industry

          •lots of car pollution in the town centre means a need for expansion

          •housing is cheaper on the outskirts, so therefore many may choose to move there

          •an increase spend on infrastructure and transport makes urban sprawl easier to create

•prevention / solution of urban sprawl / rapid urban growth 

          •preserving the countryside is important so the government creates green belts

          •there are tight planning restrictions as these areas are used for agriculture and recreation 

          •brownfield sites may be developed in the town centre

          •old factories may be cleared for redevelopment as they can’t build on greenfield areas

          •pedestrianised areas of traffic free areas, creating a safer more relaxed atmosphere

          •shopping malls allow a quick browse and are air-conditioned appropriately 

          •visual improvements e.g flower beds and street cleaning makes it more welcoming 

          •security means shoppers can feel safe when purchasing high end goods

•effects of urban sprawl / rapid urban growth 

          •decline of retailing due to increased car ownership leading to congestion 

                    •many DIY stores have moved to brownfield sites as well as department stores

                    •land is cheaper here and there is often more parking 

                              •this means fewer will shop in the CBD and more shops will leave - perception

          •decentralisation of companies and administration

                    •accessibility, high land values and parking meant many companies are moving

                    •electronic communication has reduced the need to be close to other similar types

          •high car dependency 

                    •increase in vehicle emissions and higher public transport costs 

          •high levels of racial and socio-economic segregation as well as loss of rural life and changing the character of the countryside 

                    

          •during the evening

                    •the CBD can be empty in the evening if only bars, restaurants and nightclubs are open

                    •this might also make it unsafe - with high crime rates

                    •higher costs to provide social facilities 

                    •high car usage means higher emissions 

                    •this may cost more to build public transport services

                    •time may be lost through commenting,  reducing productivity