case study: a rapidly growing urban area in a developing country and migration to it

•case study: Mumbai 

•push factors to Mumbai

          •lack of rural jobs

          •poor infrastructure 

          •mechanisation of farming

          •bad services

          •no education 

•pull factors to Mumbai

          •jobs in ports, engineering and oil mills, earning more money for higher quality of life

          •recycling industry, textiles and ports are available 

          •electricity provision, and better overall infrastructure 

          •education means high qualifications for future jobs 

          •better access to services

          •remittence 

          •hope 

•a typical male migrant to Mumbai is male, a rural background, from the north, 20, married but young and is seeking employment 

•there has been a rapid population growth of around 20 per 1000 a year

•a shanty area near Mumbai: Dharvi

          •close to the Mithi river with a railway running through the middle

          •about 1,000,000 a people in a square mile 

•positive aspects: •community access

                             •low crime rate

•negative aspects: •high disease - 4000 cases of typhoid and cholera daily

                              •overcrowding - 21 per house

                              •poor sewage with poor sanitation and dead rats 

                              •poor water access - walking 2 hours a day 

                              •250 to a toilet 

•earning a living in Dharvi

          •they work in the informal sector, earning $2 a day, paying no taxes

          •a leather worker earns the most - £40 pcm

•there is employment but there is disease and no healthcare provision 

•causes of water pollution in Mumbai: •untreated industrial waste 

                                                              •800 million litres of untreated waste 

                                                              •domestic waste

                                                              •toxic waste

                                                              •airports dump untreated oil - expensive to clean

                                                              •very polluted and the flooding spreads the water pollution

•management of water pollution: •dredging of Mithi river to limit flooding

                                                     •public toilet provision or sanitation

                                                     •government legislation on industry 

                                                     •education about the damaging hazards 

•causes of air pollution in Mumbai: •burning of fossil fuels 

                                                        •energy production 

                                                        •free burning in public

                                                        •many cars everywhere - lack of clean areas

                                                        •people can suffer from bronchitis 

•management of air pollution: •new transportation services e.g metro

                                                •banning diesel as a fuel 

                                                •main roads are upgrading 

                                                •58,000 taxis using natural gas

                                                •55 flyers  

•causes of noise pollution in Mumbai: •cars and traffic

                                                            •aircraft 

                                                            •construction 

                                                            •people

•management of noise pollution in Mumbai: •traffic flow (see air management)

                                                                      •monorail between Juab Circle and Chembar 

•causes of visual pollution in Mumbai: •smog

                                                             •litter

                                                             •graffiti

                                                             •light pollution 

                                                             •Dharvi squatter settlement 

•management of visual pollution in Mumbai: •Vision Mumbai

                                                                       •waste collection 

                                                                       •recycling 

•Vision Mumbai improves the squatter settlement issue in Mumbai 

          •knocks down the slums 

          •wants to build high-rises to support high population density 

          •redeveloping the land to provide good quality affordable homes 

          •improving sanitation and creating a clearer areas

          

•SPARC is an NGO charity

          •self-help scheme helps people two build extra floors onto their houses, easing overcrowding 

          •builds toilets to improve sanitation and communal areas for a better feel 

          •provides building materials allowing people to self-improve their homes  

                    •these materials may include bricks and sand as well as workshops to help those starting their own businesses